LGBT rights in South Korea

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in South Korea can face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Male and female same-sex sexual activity is legal in South Korea, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are currently not entitled to the same legal protections available to heterosexuals.

Homosexuality in South Korea (Republic of Korea) is not specifically mentioned in either the South Korean Constitution or in the Civil Penal Code. Article 31 of the Korean Human Rights Committee Law states that "no individual is to be discriminated against on the basis of his or her sexual orientation." However, Article 92 of the Military Penal Code, which is currently under a legal challenge, singles out sexual relations between members of the same sex as "sexual harassment", punishable by a maximum of one year in prison. The Military Penal Code does not make a distinction between consensual and non-consensual crimes and names consensual intercourse between homosexual adults as "reciprocal rape". But a military court ruled in 2010 that this law is illegal, saying that homosexuality is a strictly personal issue. This ruling was appealed to South Korea's constitutional court, which has not yet made a decision.

Transgender people are allowed to have sex reassignment surgery in Korea after age 20, and can change their gender information on official documents. Harisu is South Korea's first transgender entertainer, and in 2002 became only the second person in Korea to legally change gender.

General awareness of homosexuality remained low among the Korean public until recently, with increased awareness and debate coming to the issue, as well as gay-themed entertainment in mass media and recognizable figures and celebrities, such as Hong Seok-cheon, coming out in public. But Korean gays and lesbians still face difficulties, and many prefer not to reveal their gay identity to their family, friends or co-workers.

Media
South Korea's first gay-themed magazine, Buddy, launched in 1998 and several popular gay-themed commercials have also aired.

Paving the way for television was the 2005 South Korean film The King and the Clown, a gay-themed movie based on a court affair between a king and his male jester. The movie became the highest grossing in Korean film history, surpassing both Silmido and Taegukgi. The Korean title for The King and the Clown is "왕의 남자" which translates as "The King's Man" with the implication that it refers to the man as being the King's lover. Other recent movies include 2008 film A Frozen Flower (쌍화점) and No Regret (후회하지 않아) by celebrated director Leesong hee-il (이송희일), which starred in the 2006 Busan International Film Festival.

Mainstream Korean television shows have begun to feature gay characters and themes. In 2010, the soap opera Life is Beautiful (인생은 아름다워) premiered on SBS broadcast TV, becoming the first prime-time drama to explore a gay male couple's relationship as their unwitting families set them up on dates with women. That same year, Personal Taste (개인의 취향, also "Personal Preference") was broadcast on MBC and revolved around a straight man who pretends to be gay to become a woman's roommate. Before these was Coming Out, which debuted on cable channel tvN in late night in 2008, in which a gay actor and straight actress counseled gays with publicly acknowledging their sexual orientation.

Openly gay entertainment figures include model and actress Harisu, a trans woman who makes frequent appearances in television. Actor Hong Seok-cheon, after coming out in 2000 and being fired from his job has since returned to his acting career. He has appeared in several debate programs in support of gay rights.

Popular actor Kim Ji-hoo, who was openly gay, hanged himself on October 8, 2008. Police attributed his suicide to public prejudice against homosexuality.

“The Daughters of Bilitis” a KBS Drama Special about the lives of lesbian women, aired on August 7, 2011. Immediately after it aired, internet message boards lit up with outraged protesters who threatened to boycott the network. The production crew eventually shut down the online re-run service in four days after the broadcast.

Popular 2012 Drama Reply 1997 features a closeted homosexual character named Kang Joon-Hee played by INFINITE's Lee Ho-Won who has an unrequited crush on his male best friend played by Korean actor and singer Seo In-guk.

“XY She,” a KBS Joy cable talk show about MTF transgender individuals, was virtually cancelled after its first episode due to public opposition. The network cited concern over attacks on MCs and other cast-members as the official reason for cancellation.

Anti-Discrimination Act
Currently, there is no anti-discrimination law which includes prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The National Human Rights Commission first introduced the Anti-Discrimination Act in July 2006 to the Korean government. The government enacted TFT(Task Force Team) configuration for the act, proceeding to transfer it to the Department of Justice in June 2007. Following the Department of Justice’s announcement regarding the legislation, “Headquarters Against Homosexuality” and “Missionary Union to Stop the Anti-Discrimination Act” launched in opposition to the Act. On October 31st, the Department of Justice informally decided to remove seven clauses related to sexual orientation. Upon hearing the news, activists held an emergency session on the same day to form “An Urgent Action Counteracting the Anti-Discrimination Act and Homophobia.” In 2010, the Department of Justice promoted TFT configuration to push for the Anti-Discrimination Act once more. In response, activists launched a solidarity in support of the Anti-Discrimination Act in December. Predictably, the influence of the homophobic Christian church caused the Department of Justice to abandon the effort. In 2013, more than 50 members of the Democratic Party introduced a motion to include sexual orientation in the Anti-Discrimination Act, but later withdrew the motion due to attacks from the conservative religious community.

Military service
Military service is mandatory for all male citizens in South Korea. Enlistees are drafted through the Military Manpower Administration (MMA; 병무청) which administers a "psychology test" at the time of enlistment that includes several questions regarding the enlistee's sexual preferences. Homosexual military members in active duty are categorized as having a "personality disorder" or "behavioural disability" and can either be institutionalized or dishonorably discharged, although this was recently ruled illegal by a military court. The issue has been appealed to Korea's constitutional court.

Dishonorable discharges for gay soldiers are a problem since South Korea does not allow for conscientious objection and a dishonorable discharge bears with it significant social pressure, as many South Korean companies will request a complete military service profile at the time of a job application. On military records, the applicants can appear as having been dishonorably discharged either due to their homosexuality or for being "mentally handicapped".

Transgender rights
The Supreme Court of South Korea has ruled that in order for a person to be eligible for a sex-change operation they must be over 20 years of age, single and without children. In the case of MTF (Male-to-Female) gender reassignment operations, the person must prove issues related to draft resolved by either serving or being exempted. On June 22, 2006 however, the Supreme Court ruled that transgender individuals who had undergone successful gender reassignment surgery have the right to declare themselves in their new gender in all legal documents. This includes the right to request a correction of their gender-on-file in all public and government records such as the census registry. In 2013 a court in Seoul ruled that transgender South Koreans can amend their gender on official documents without having to go through genital-altering surgery.

Everyday life
The Korean word for "homosexual" is Dongseongaeja (, lit. "same-sex lover"). A less politically correct term is Dongseongyeonaeja ("동성연애자" 同性戀愛者). South Korean homosexuals however, make frequent use of the term ibanin ("이반인"; "異般人" also "二般人") which can be translated as "different type person"/"second-class citizen", and is usually shortened to iban  ("이반"; "異般"). The word is a direct play on the word ilban-in (일반인; 一般人) meaning "normal person" or "ordinary person". In addition, English loanwords are used in South Korea to describe LGBTQ people. These words are simple transliterations of English words into hangeul: lesbian is lejeubieon (레즈비언), gay is gei (게이), queer is kuieo (퀴어), and transgender is teuraenseujendeo (트랜스젠더).

Homosexuality remains largely taboo in South Korean society and same-sex couples are seldom if ever seen in public. This lack of visibility is also reflected in the relatively low profile maintained by many gay clubs in South Korea, most of which are owned by London-based gay nightclub developer and entrepreneur Tim Kim. They are concentrated in metropolitan areas such as Seoul's historic Jongno, the "college district" Sincheon-dong, or the foreign sector Itaewon (especially in the section known as "Homo-hill" or "Tim's Closet"). Busan and the other large cities also maintain their own gay nightlife.

Public opinion
South Koreans have become significantly more accepting of homosexuality and LGBT rights in the past decade, even if conservative attitudes remain dominant. A 2013 Gallup poll found that 39% of people believe that homosexuality should be accepted by society, compared to only 18% who held this view in 2007. South Korea recorded the most significant shift towards greater acceptance of homosexuality among the 39 countries surveyed worldwide. Significantly, there is a very large age gap on this issue: in 2013, 71% of South Koreans aged between 18-29 believed that homosexuality should be accepted, compared to only 16% of South Koreans aged 50 and over. This suggests that South Korea is likely to become more accepting over time.

In April 2013, a Gallup poll, which commissioned from conservative christian group, found that 25% of South Koreans supported same-sex marriage, while 67% opposed it and 8% did not know or answer. However, a May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 26% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another 31% supported other form of recognition for same-sex couples.

Censorship issues
The Government of South Korea practiced censorship of gay-content websites from 2001 to 2003, through its Information and Communications Ethics Committee (정보통신윤리위원회), an official organ of the Ministry of Information and Communication. That practice has since been reversed.

LGBTQ Human Rights Organizations
Rainbow Action (launched May 2008) is a coalition of LGBT organizations of Korea. It includes 17 participating organizations, in addition to unaffiliated individuals: Among the above, the only organizations with full-time activists are DongInRyun, Chingusai, KSCRC, Unni Network, Network for Glocal Activism. With the exception of the Queer Culture Festival, the operating budgets of these organizations are supported by membership dues or donations.
 * GongGam Human Rights Law Foundation
 * International Human Rights News “Tong”
 * Solidarity for LGBT Human Rights of Korea (DongInRyun)
 * Lezpa, a Korean lesbian community radio group
 * Crossing the Whole Damn World -- LGBTAIQ Totally Queer
 * Collective for Sexual Minority Cultures PINKS
 * Unni Network
 * Byunnal, a Lesbian Human Rights Group at Ewha Womans University
 * Network for Glocal Activism
 * Sexual Politics Committee in the New Progressive Party
 * Christian Solidarity for a World without Discrimination (Chasegiyeon)
 * Sexual Minority Committee in the Unified Progressive Party
 * Chingusai -- Korean Gay Men’s Human Rights GroupLesbian Counseling Center in South Korea
 * Korean Sexual Minority Culture and Rights Center (KSCRC)
 * LGBT Human Rights Committee in Hanyang University
 * Solidarity for HIV/AIDS Human Rights, Nanuri+
 * Unaffiliated individual activists: Julie, Carlo, Tari, Tori
 * DongInRyun: two full-time activists, annual budget of 50 million won to 100 million won. 100% of membership dues go to the project budget.
 * Chingusai: two full-time activists, annual budget of 100 million won. 90% of membership dues and donations go to the budget.
 * KSCRC: four full-time activists, annual budget of 80 million. 100% of membership dues and donations go to the business and project budgets.
 * Unni Network: one full-time activist, annual budget of 50 million won to 100 million won. 100% of membership dues and donations go to the project budget.
 * Network for Glocal Activism: two full-time activists, annual budget of 100 million won. Close to 100% of membership dues and donations go to the project budget.

Articles

 * From 50 to 1,500: Korea Queer Culture Festival turns 10 by Matt Kelley Fridae.com. June 16, 2009
 * South Korea's legal trans-formation by Matt Kelley and Mike Lee Fridae.com. May 29, 2009
 * The deadly reality of South Korea's virtual world by Matt Kelley and Mike Lee Fridae.com. October 17, 2008
 * 2 openly gay, trans South Korean actors commit suicide by Matt Kelley Fridae.com. October 9, 2008
 * Seoul's spring forecast: More visibility for Korea's queers by Matt Kelley Fridae.com. June 3, 2008
 * South Korea sees first openly gay politician, but challenges persist for the nation's lesbians by Matt Kelley Fridae.com. March 18, 2008
 * Seoul policeman comes out, fights prejudice by News Editor Fridae.com. January 11, 2008
 * Exclusion from non-discrimination bill mobilises Korea’s LGBT community by Matt Kelley Fridae.com. November 23, 2007
 * 2007 Seoul LGBT film festival, june 6 to 10 by News Editor Fridae.com. June 6, 2007