Interpretation Act (Singapore)

INTERPRETATION ACT 1965

=Definition=

An Act to define certain terms and expressions used in written law and to make provision for the construction, interpretation and publication of written law and for matters connected therewith.

[28 December 1965]

=Short title= 1. This Act is the Interpretation Act 1965.

=PART 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS OF INTERPRETATION=

Interpretation of certain words and expressions
2. —(1) In this Act, and in every written law enacted before or after 28 December 1965, the following words and expressions shall, without prejudice to anything done before that date, have the meanings respectively assigned to them unless there is something in the subject or context inconsistent with such construction or unless it is therein otherwise expressly provided:

“abet ”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, has the meaning given by the Penal Code 1871;

“Accountant-General ” means the Accountant-General of Singapore;

“act ”, in relation to an offence or civil wrong, includes a series of acts, and words which refer to acts done are to be construed as extending to illegal omissions;

“Act ” or “ Act of Parliament ” means an Act of the Parliament of Singapore and includes any Ordinance or Act of Singapore or Malaysia having the force of law in Singapore; and “ Act ” , when used in any subsidiary legislation, means the Act under the authority of which the subsidiary legislation was made;

“advocate ” and “ advocate and solicitor ” mean an advocate and solicitor of the Supreme Court;

“animal ” includes bird, reptile, fish and every kind of vertebrate animal and the young thereof;

“appoint ” includes re-appoint;

“Attorney-General ” means the Attorney-General of Singapore and in relation to any function, power or duty of the Attorney-General, includes a Deputy Attorney-General so assigned by the Attorney-General to perform that function, power or duty;

“Auditor-General ” means the Auditor-General of Singapore;

“Cabinet ” means the Cabinet constituted under the Constitution;

“Chief Justice ” means the Chief Justice of Singapore;

“citizen of Singapore ” means any person who, under the provisions of the Constitution, has the status of a citizen of Singapore;

“civil list ” means the provision made under the Constitution for the maintenance of the President;

“commencement ”, in relation to an Act, means the time at which the Act comes into operation in Singapore;

“common law ” means the common law insofar as it is in operation in Singapore and any custom or usage having the force of law in Singapore;

“Commonwealth ” means collectively the Commonwealth countries and includes any colony, protectorate or protected state or any other territory administered by any Commonwealth country;

“Commonwealth country” means any country recognised by the President to be a Commonwealth country, and “ part of the Commonwealth ” means any Commonwealth country, any colony, protectorate or protected state or any other territory administered by the government of any Commonwealth country;

“Consolidated Fund ” means the Consolidated Fund established by the Constitution;

“Constitution ” means the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore;

“consular officer ” means consul-general, consul, vice-consul, consular agent and any person for the time being authorised to discharge the duties of consul-general, consul, vice-consul or consular agent;

“contravene ”, in relation to a provision of a written law, includes a failure to comply with a requirement or condition in that provision;

“court ” means any court of competent jurisdiction in Singapore;

“Criminal Procedure Rules ”—

(a) means the Criminal Procedure Rules made under the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 and any other written law by the Criminal Procedure Rules Committee constituted under section 428A of that Code; and

(b) includes any subsidiary legislation deemed under section 428A(15) of that Code to be Criminal Procedure Rules;

“Crown Agents” means the persons for the time being acting as Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations in the United Kingdom;

“Deputy Attorney-General ” means a Deputy Attorney-General appointed under Article 35A of the Constitution;

“Deputy Speaker ” means the Deputy Speaker of Parliament elected under the Constitution;

“District Court ” means any District Court constituted under any written law for the time being in force relating to the courts;

“District Judge ” means a District Judge appointed as such under any written law for the time being in force relating to the courts;

“export ”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means to take or cause to be taken out of Singapore by land, sea or air;

“Family Court ” means a Family Court constituted under section 5 of the Family Justice Act 2014;

“Family Justice Rules ” means the Family Justice Rules made under the Family Justice Act 2014 and any other written law by the Family Justice Rules Committee constituted under section 46(1) of that Act;

“Gazette ” or “ Government Gazette ” means the Gazette published in electronic or other form by order of the Government and includes any supplement thereto and any Gazette Extraordinary so published;

“Government ” means the Government of Singapore;

“Government Printer ” includes any printer purporting to be the printer authorised to print Acts and other documents of the Government;

“High Court ” means the High Court established by the Constitution;

“immovable property ” includes land, benefits to arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth;

“import ”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means to bring or cause to be brought into Singapore by land, sea or air;

“Judge ” means a Supreme Court Judge, a Judicial Commissioner or a Senior Judge sitting in the General Division of the High Court or Appellate Division of the High Court, or the Court of Appeal, in accordance with the Constitution and the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1969, or an International Judge sitting in the Singapore International Commercial Court, the Appellate Division of the High Court, or the Court of Appeal, in accordance with the Constitution and that Act;

“Judicial Service Commission ” means the Judicial Service Commission constituted under the provisions of the Constitution;

[Act 33 of 2021 wef 14/01/2022]

“Judicial Service Officer ” means an officer in the Singapore Judicial Service;

[Act 33 of 2021 wef 14/01/2022]

“Legal Service Commission ” means the Legal Service Commission constituted under the provisions of the Constitution;

[Act 33 of 2021 wef 14/01/2022]

“Legal Service Officer ” means an officer in the Singapore Legal Service;

[Act 33 of 2021 wef 14/01/2022]

“legislature ”, in relation to any part of the Commonwealth, means the authority competent to make laws for that part of the Commonwealth;

“Magistrate ” means a Magistrate appointed under any written law for the time being in force relating to the courts;

“Malaya ” means Singapore and the States of Malaya;

“Malaysia ” means the Federation known as Malaysia;

“Malaysian citizen ” or “ Federal citizen ” means any person who is a citizen of Malaysia by virtue of the provisions of any law for the time being in force, or any instrument for the time being having the force of law, in Malaysia;

“master ”, in relation to a ship, means any person, except a pilot or harbour master, having for the time being control or charge of the ship;

“Minister ” means the Minister for the time being charged with the responsibility for the department or subject to which the context refers;

“monogamous marriage ” means a marriage which is recognised by the law of the place where it is contracted as a voluntary union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others during the continuance of the marriage;

“month ” means calendar month;

“movable property ” means property of every description except immovable property;

“national language ” means the Malay language;

“oath ” and “ affidavit ”, in the case of persons for the time being allowed by law to affirm or declare instead of swearing, include affirmation and declaration, and “swear ” in the like case includes affirm and declare;

“Ordinance ” means any Ordinance of Singapore, and includes any Ordinance of the Colony of the Straits Settlements, any Ordinance of the Colony of Singapore or of the State of Singapore and any Proclamation having the force of law in Singapore; and “ Ordinance ” when used in any subsidiary legislation means the Ordinance under the authority of which the subsidiary legislation was made;

“Parliament ” means the Parliament of Singapore;

“person ” and “ party ” include any company or association or body of persons, corporate or unincorporate;

“police officer ” means any member of the Singapore Police Force;

“prescribed ” means prescribed by the Act in which the word occurs or by any subsidiary legislation made thereunder and, in relation to forms, includes being set out in electronic form on an electronically accessible server (such as an internet website) that is specified in the Act or subsidiary legislation in which the word occurs;

“President ” means the President of Singapore and includes any person for the time being performing the functions of the President under the provisions of the Constitution;

“public holiday ” means any day which is declared to be or proclaimed as a public holiday or which under any written law is to be observed as a public holiday in Singapore;

“public officer ” means the holder of any office of emolument in the service of the Government;

“public seal ” means the public seal of Singapore;

“public service ” means service under the Government;

“Public Service Commission ” means the Public Service Commission constituted under the provisions of the Constitution;

“registered ”, in relation to a document, means registered under the provisions of any written law for the time being applicable to the registration of such document;

“repeal ” includes rescind, revoke, cancel or replace;

“Rules of Court ” means the Rules of Court made under the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1969 and any other written law by the Rules Committee constituted under section 80(3) of that Act;

“Secretary to the Cabinet ” means the Secretary to the Cabinet appointed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution;

“ship ” includes every description of vessel used in navigation not exclusively propelled by oars or paddles;

“sign ”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, with reference to a person who is unable to write his or her name, includes “ mark ” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions;

“Singapore ” means the Republic of Singapore and is deemed to include the Island of Singapore and all islands and places which on 2 June 1959 were administered as part of Singapore and all territorial waters adjacent thereto;

“Solicitor-General ” means the Solicitor-General of Singapore; “Speaker ” means the Speaker of Parliament elected in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution;

“States of Malaya ” means —

(a) the States of Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Trengganu; and

(b) every Federal Territory which before its establishment was part of the territory of any State mentioned in paragraph ( a), which constitute part of Malaysia; “statutory declaration ”, if made —

(a) in Singapore, means a declaration made under the Oaths and Declarations Act 2000;

(b) in the United Kingdom or any part of the Commonwealth other than in Singapore, means a declaration made before a justice of the peace, notary public or other person having authority therein under any law for the time being in force to take or receive a declaration;

(c) in any other place, means a declaration made before a consul or vice-consul or before any person having authority under any law for the time being in force to take or receive a declaration;

“subsidiary legislation ” means any order in council, proclamation, rule, regulation, order, notification, by-law or other instrument made under any Act, Ordinance or other lawful authority and having legislative effect;

“Supreme Court ” means the Supreme Court established by the Constitution;

“Supreme Court Judge ” means the Chief Justice, a Justice of the Court of Appeal, a Judge of the Appellate Division or a Judge of the High Court;

“United Kingdom ” means Great Britain and Northern Ireland; “value ”, in relation to a suit, means the value of the subject matter of the suit;

“vessel ” includes floating craft of every description;

“will ” includes a codicil; . words importing the masculine gender include females; words in the singular include the plural and words in the plural include the singular;

“writing ” and expressions referring to writing include printing, lithography, typewriting, photography and other modes of representing or reproducing words or figures in visible form;

“written law ” means the Constitution and all previous Constitutions having application to Singapore and all Acts, Ordinances and enactments by whatever name called and

subsidiary legislation made thereunder for the time being in force in Singapore;

“Yang di-Pertuan Agong” means the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Supreme Head of Malaysia and includes the Deputy Supreme Head of Malaysia or a Ruler of a Malay State, whenever he is lawfully exercising the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

“year ” means a year reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar;

“Youth Court ” means a Youth Court constituted under section 5 of the Family Justice Act 2014.

[9/2003; 42/2005; 27/2014; 41/2014; 42/2014; 19/2018; 40/2019]

(2) Where a word or expression is defined in a written law, then, unless the contrary intention appears, other parts of speech and grammatical forms of that word or expression, and cognate expressions, have corresponding meanings in that law.

(3) In every written law enacted before 28 December 1965 — (a ) references to the Colony of the Straits Settlements, the Settlement of Singapore, the Colony of Singapore, the Colony, the State of Singapore or the State, are to be construed as references to Singapore;

(b ) references to the Federated Malay States are, unless the context otherwise requires, to be construed as references to the States of Malaya;

( c ) references to the Governor of the Malayan Union are to be construed as references to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; (d ) references to the Malayan Union are to be construed as references to Malaysia or the territories comprised therein, as the case may require;

( e ) references to the Chief Justice or to any court, judge or magistrate of the Malayan Union or of the Federated Malay States or of any of the Malay States are to be construed as references to the Chief Justice or to the corresponding court, judge or magistrate of Malaysia or the territories comprised therein, as the case may require;

(f ) references to any officer of, or authority or body constituted in or for, the Federated Malay States, any Malay State or the Malayan Union are to be construed as references to the corresponding officer of, or authority or body constituted in or for, Malaysia or the territories comprised therein, as the case may require;

(g ) references to the Assembly or the Legislative Assembly are to be construed as references to the Parliament;

(h ) references to the Yang di-Pertuan Negara are to be construed as references to the President;

(i ) references to the Federal Minister are to be construed as references to the appropriate Minister of Singapore;

(j ) references to the State Advocate-General are to be construed as references to the Attorney-General;

( k ) references to the High Court in Singapore are to be construed as references to the High Court of Singapore; and

(l ) references to a Judge of the High Court and the Registrar of the High Court are to be construed as references to a Judge of the Supreme Court and the Registrar of the Supreme Court, respectively.

(4) [Deleted by Act 5 of 2014 ]

(5) Where an Act authorises or requires any document to be served by post, whether the word “ serve”, “ give ” or “ send” or any other word is used, then, unless a contrary intention appears, the service is deemed to be effected by properly addressing, prepaying and posting a letter containing the document, and, unless the contrary is proved, is deemed to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post.

(6) Where a Gazette is published in more than one form, the date of publication of that Gazette is deemed to be the date on which that Gazette is first published in any form.

Criteria for determining death
2A.— (1) For all purposes, a person has died when there has occurred either —

(a ) irreversible cessation of circulation of blood and respiration in the body of the person; or

(b ) total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain of the person.

(2) The determination of the irreversible cessation of circulation of blood and respiration in the body of a person must, subject to subsection (5), be made in accordance with the ordinary standards of current medical practice.

(3) The determination of the total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain of a person must, subject to subsections (4) and (6), be made in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

(4) Except in the circumstances referred to in subsection (6), the determination of the total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain of a person must be certified in the prescribed form by 2 medical practitioners —

(a ) at least one of whom has not been involved in the care or treatment of the person so certified; and

(b ) who possess the prescribed postgraduate medical qualifications.

(5) If the death of a person from whose body an organ is to be removed after his or her death as authorised under the Human Organ Transplant Act 1987 or the Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act 1972 is determined by the irreversible cessation of circulation of blood and respiration in the body of that person, the person’s death must be certified in the prescribed form by 2 medical practitioners —

(a ) who have not been involved in the care or treatment of the person so certified;

(b ) who do not belong to the team of medical practitioners that will effect the removal of the organ from the body;

( c ) who have not been involved in the selection of the proposed recipient of the organ; and

(d ) who will not be involved in the care or treatment of the proposed recipient of the organ during his or her hospitalisation for the purpose of the transplant.

(6) If the death of a person from whose body an organ is to be removed after his or her death as authorised under the Human Organ Transplant Act 1987 or the Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act 1972 is determined by the total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain of that person, the person ’s death must be certified in the prescribed form by 2 medical practitioners —

(a ) who have not been involved in the care or treatment of the person so certified;

(b ) who do not belong to the team of medical practitioners that will effect the removal of the organ from the body;

( c ) who have not been involved in the selection of the proposed recipient of the organ;

(d ) who will not be involved in the care or treatment of the proposed recipient of the organ during his or her hospitalisation for the purpose of the transplant; and

( e ) who possess the prescribed postgraduate medical qualifications.

(7) The Minister may, for the purposes of all laws or any specified written law, by regulations prescribe —

(a ) the criteria for determining the total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain of a person mentioned in subsections (1)(b ) and (3); and

(b ) the postgraduate medical qualifications and form of the death certificate for the purposes of subsection (4), (5) or (6).

(8) Nothing in this section —

(a ) affects the operation of section 110 of the Evidence Act 1893 (burden of proving that a person is alive who has not been heard of for 7 years), section 100 of the Women ’s Charter 1961 (proceedings for interim judgment of presumption of death and divorce) or any other written law relating to the presumption of death;

(b ) prevents the certification or determination of death in a case where the body of a person is not found or recovered.

[42/2005]

(9) In this section, “ medical practitioner ” means a person who is registered, or deemed to be registered, as a medical practitioner under the Medical Registration Act 1997.

=PART 2: GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING WRITTEN LAW=

Acts to be public Acts
3. Every Act is a public Act, and is to be judicially noticed as such unless the contrary is expressly provided by the Act.

Acts to be divided into sections without introductory words
4. All Acts are to be divided into sections, if there be more enactments than one, which sections are deemed to be substantive enactments without any introductory words.

Schedules
5. Every Schedule to an Act, together with any note thereto, is to be construed and has effect as part of the Act.

Subdivisions of Acts
6. When an Act is divided into Parts, Chapters, titles or other subdivisions, the fact and particulars of the division are, with or without express mention thereof in the Act, to be taken notice of in all courts and for all purposes.

Forms
7. Except as is otherwise expressly provided, whenever forms are prescribed, slight deviations therefrom, not affecting the substance or calculated to mislead, do not invalidate them.

Examples and illustrations
7A. Where an Act includes an example or illustration of the operation of a provision —

(a ) the example or illustration is not to be taken as exhaustive; and

(b ) if the example or illustration is inconsistent with the provision, the provision prevails.

Mode of referring to written laws
8. —(1) It is sufficient for all purposes to refer to a written law —

(a ) in the case of an Act —

(i) by the year of its enactment and its number among the Acts enacted in that year;

(ii) where the Act, as enacted or revised, provides that it may be cited by a short title — by that short title; and

(iii) where the Act is a revised edition published before 1 March 2021 under any law providing for a revised edition — by its chapter number and the year of the revised edition; and

(b ) in the case of a piece of subsidiary legislation that, as made or revised, provides for the manner of its citation — by that citation.

[4/2021]

(2) A reference for the purposes of subsection (1) may be made according to copies of written laws printed by the Government Printer.

[4/2021]

(3) Unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to a written law in accordance with subsection (1) is to be read as a reference to the written law as amended from time to time by any other written law.

[4/2021]

(4) Where —

(a ) a written law is referred to by its short title or citation, whether in any other written law or in any document; and

(b ) the short title or citation is subsequently changed, the reference is to be read, unless the contrary intention appears, as a reference to the changed short title or citation.

[4/2021]

Construction in an Act of references to sections, etc.
9. —(1) Where in any Act there is a reference to a section, Part, Chapter or Schedule by number or letter only, and not in conjunction with the title or number of an Act, the reference is to be construed as a reference to the section, Part, Chapter or Schedule of that number or letter contained in the Act in which the reference occurs.

(2) Where in any section of an Act there is a reference to a subsection, paragraph or sub-paragraph by number or letter only, the reference is to be construed as a reference to the subsection, paragraph or sub-paragraph of that number or letter contained in the section in which the reference occurs.

(3) This section applies, with suitable modification, to subsidiary legislation.

Purposive interpretation of written law and use of extrinsic materials
9A.— (1) In the interpretation of a provision of a written law, an interpretation that would promote the purpose or object underlying the written law (whether that purpose or object is expressly stated in the written law or not) is to be preferred to an interpretation that would not promote that purpose or object.

(2) Subject to subsection (4), in the interpretation of a provision of a written law, if any material not forming part of the written law is capable of assisting in the ascertainment of the meaning of the provision, consideration may be given to that material —

(a ) to confirm that the meaning of the provision is the ordinary meaning conveyed by the text of the provision taking into account its context in the written law and the purpose or object underlying the written law; or

(b ) to ascertain the meaning of the provision when —

(i) the provision is ambiguous or obscure; or

(ii) the ordinary meaning conveyed by the text of the provision taking into account its context in the written law and the purpose or object underlying the written law leads to a result that is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.

(3) Without limiting subsection (2), the material that may be considered in accordance with that subsection in the interpretation of a provision of a written law includes —

(a ) all matters not forming part of the written law that are set out in the document containing the text of the written law as printed by the Government Printer;

(b ) any explanatory statement relating to the Bill containing the provision;

( c ) the speech made in Parliament by a Minister on the occasion of the moving by that Minister of a motion that the Bill containing the provision be read a second time in Parliament;

(d ) any relevant material in any official record of debates in Parliament;

( e ) any treaty or other international agreement that is referred to in the written law; and

(f ) any document that is declared by the written law to be a relevant document for the purposes of this section.

(4) In determining whether consideration should be given to any material in accordance with subsection (2), or in determining the weight to be given to any such material, regard must be had, in addition to any other relevant matters, to —

(a ) the desirability of persons being able to rely on the ordinary meaning conveyed by the text of the provision taking into account its context in the written law and the purpose or object underlying the written law; and

(b ) the need to avoid prolonging legal or other proceedings without compensating advantage.

Changes to style not to affect meaning
9B. Where —

(a ) a provision of an Act has expressed an idea in a particular form of words; and

(b ) a revised edition or a later provision of that Act, or a later Act, appears to have expressed the same idea in a different form of words for the purpose of using a clearer style, the ideas are not to be taken to be different merely because different forms of words were used.

[4/2021]

Time of commencement of written law
10.— (1) A written law or a provision of a written law comes into operation —

(a ) where a particular day for its coming into operation is specified by the written law or by a notification made under the written law — on the expiration of the previous day; or

(b ) where the day of its coming into operation is the date of its publication in the Gazette — on the expiration of the previous day.

(2) Where a written law is to come into operation on a day specified by a notification made under the written law, the notification may specify different days for different provisions of the written law to come into operation.

Effect of repeal of Act on subsidiary legislation made thereunder
11 . Where any Act or part of an Act is repealed, subsidiary legislation issued under or made in virtue thereof remains in force so far as it is not inconsistent with the repealing Act and unless the contrary intention appears until it has been revoked or replaced by subsidiary legislation issued or made under the provisions of the repealing Act.

Repeal of repealing laws
12. Where any written law repealing in whole or in part any former written law is itself repealed, the last repeal does not revive the written law or the provisions previously repealed, unless words are added reviving that written law or those provisions.

Repeal of amended law to include amendments
13. Where any written law which has been amended by any other written law is itself repealed, the repeal is deemed to include the repeal of all written laws or parts of written laws by which the firstmentioned written law has been amended.

Repeal and substitution
14. Where a written law repeals wholly or in part any former written law and substitutes other provision therefor, the repealed written law remains in force until the substituted provision comes into operation.

References to amended and re-enacted provisions
15.— (1) Where in any written law a reference is made to another written law, the reference is, except where the context otherwise requires, deemed to include a reference to the last mentioned written law as the same may from time to time be amended.

(2) Where any written law repeals and re-enacts, with or without modification, any provision of a former written law, then, unless the contrary intention appears —

(a ) any reference in any other written law to the provision so repealed is to be construed as a reference to the provision so re-enacted;

(b ) insofar as any subsidiary legislation made or other thing done under the provision so repealed, or having effect as if so made or done, could have been made or done under the provision so re-enacted, it has effect as if made or done under that provision.

Effect of repeal
16.— (1) Where a written law repeals in whole or in part any other written law, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the repeal does not —

(a ) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect;

(b ) affect the previous operation of any written law so repealed or anything duly done or suffered under any written law so repealed;

( c ) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any written law so repealed;

(d ) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any written law so repealed; or

( e ) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid; and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the repealing law had not been passed.

(2) A reference in this section to the repeal of a written law in whole or in part includes a reference to —

(a ) a repeal effected by implication;

(b ) the abrogation or limitation of the effect of the written law or part; and

( c ) the exclusion of the application of the written law or part to any person, subject matter or circumstance.

(3) Where a written law expires, lapses or otherwise ceases to have effect, this section applies as if the written law had been repealed by another written law.

(4) A reference in this section to a part of a written law includes a reference to any provision of, or words, figures, drawings or symbols in, the written law.

Construction of amending Act
17. Where an Act amends or adds to any Act, the amending Act is, so far as is consistent with the tenor thereof, and unless the contrary intention appears, to be construed as one with the amended Act and as part thereof.

Effect of expiration of written law
18. The expiration of a written law does not affect any civil or criminal proceeding previously commenced under the written law, but every such proceeding may be continued and everything in relation thereto may be done in all respects as if the written law continued in force.

=PART 3: SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION=

General provisions with respect to power given to any authority to make subsidiary legislation
19. When any Act confers powers on any authority to make subsidiary legislation, the following provisions have effect with reference to the making and operation of the subsidiary legislation unless the contrary intention appears:

(a ) subsidiary legislation may at any time be amended, varied, rescinded or revoked by the same authority and in the same manner by and in which it was made subject to the following provisions:

(i) where any Act is to come into operation on a date to be fixed by subsidiary legislation, the power to make the subsidiary legislation does not include the power of amending, revoking or suspending the same; and

(ii) where the authority has been replaced wholly or partially by another authority, the power conferred herein upon the original authority may be exercised by the replacing authority concerning all matters or things within its jurisdiction as if it were the original authority;

(b ) when any Act confers powers on any authority to make subsidiary legislation for any general purpose, and also for any special purpose incidental thereto, the enumeration of the special purposes does not derogate from the generality of the powers conferred with reference to the general purpose; and

( c ) subsidiary legislation made under an Act must not be inconsistent with the provisions of any Act.

Additional provisions as to subsidiary legislation
20. The following provisions also apply to subsidiary legislation:

(a ) authority to make subsidiary legislation includes —

(i) authority to provide that a contravention thereof shall be punishable by a fine not exceeding $2,000 or with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or both as may be specified in the subsidiary legislation;

(ii) authority to amend any forms prescribed by the written law under which the subsidiary legislation was made;

(iii) authority to prescribe new forms for the purpose thereof and for the purpose of the subsidiary legislation; and

(iv) authority to provide for the manner and method in which any document, record, application, permit, approval or licence may be submitted, issued or served by electronic means, or for the authentication thereof;

(b ) authority to provide for fees and charges includes authority to provide for the determination of the manner and method of payment and the reduction, waiver or refund thereof, either generally or in any particular event or case or class of cases or in the discretion of any person; and

( c ) a reference in a written law to another written law includes a reference to any subsidiary legislation made thereunder.

Use of defined terms in subsidiary legislation
21. Where any Act confers powers to make any subsidiary legislation, expressions used in the subsidiary legislation have the same meanings as in the Act conferring the power, unless the contrary intention appears.

Anticipatory exercise of powers
22. Where an Act or any part thereof does not come into operation immediately on its passing and the Act or that part confers power (or amends another Act to confer power) to make subsidiary legislation or to make appointments or to issue notifications or to prescribe forms or to do any other thing for the purposes of the Act or that part (or the Act being amended), then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and any subsidiary legislation, appointment, form or thing made, issued, prescribed or done under the power may be made, issued, prescribed or done so as to take effect at any time after the passing of the Act so far as may be necessary or expedient for the purpose of —

(a ) bringing the Act or that part into operation; or

(b ) giving full effect to the Act or that part (or the other Act as amended) on or after the day on which it comes into operation.

[4/2021]

Commencement of subsidiary legislation
23.— (1) Subsidiary legislation made under any Act or other lawful authority —

(a ) unless it is otherwise expressly provided in any Act, must be published in the Gazette ; and

(b ) unless it is otherwise provided in the subsidiary legislation, takes effect and comes into operation on the date of its publication.

(2) Any such subsidiary legislation may be made to operate retrospectively to any date not being a date earlier than the commencement of the Act or the establishment of the authority by or under which the subsidiary legislation is made.

Judicial notice of subsidiary legislation
24. Judicial notice is to be taken of all subsidiary legislation made or purporting to be made under any Act or other lawful authority.

Construction of amending subsidiary legislation
25. Where subsidiary legislation amends other subsidiary legislation, the amending subsidiary legislation is, so far as is consistent with the tenor thereof and unless the contrary intention appears, to be construed as one with the amended subsidiary legislation.

Acts done under subsidiary legislation to be deemed to be done under Act
26. An act is deemed to be done under any Act or by virtue of the powers conferred by any Act or in pursuance or execution of the powers of, or under the authority of any Act, if it is done under, or by virtue of, or in pursuance of, subsidiary legislation made under any power contained in the Act.

Reference to Act to include subsidiary legislation
26A. Unless the contrary intention appears, a reference in any written law to an Act is to be construed so as to include a reference to any subsidiary legislation made under that Act.

=PART 4: POWERS AND APPOINTMENTS=

Construction of provisions as to exercise of powers and duties
27.— (1) Where a written law confers a power or imposes a duty, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and the duty must be performed from time to time as occasion requires.

(2) Where a written law confers a power or imposes a duty on the holder of an office as such, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and the duty must be performed by the holder of the office for the time being or by a person duly appointed to act for him or her.

(3) Where any Act confers a power to make subsidiary legislation, to issue any order or to do any act, the power is, unless the contrary intention appears, to be construed as including the power exercisable in like manner and subject to the like consent and conditions (if any) to amend, vary, rescind, revoke or suspend the subsidiary legislation made or order issued or any part thereof or to abstain from doing the act.

Power to appoint includes power to dismiss
28.— (1) Where a written law confers upon any person or authority a power to make appointments to any office or place, the power is, unless the contrary intention appears, to be construed as including a power to dismiss or suspend any person appointed and to appoint another person temporarily in the place of any person so suspended or in place of any sick or absent holder of the office or place.

(2) Where the power of the person or authority to make appointments is only exercisable upon the recommendation or subject to the approval or consent of some other person or authority, the power of dismissal is, unless the contrary intention appears, only exercisable upon the recommendation or subject to the approval or consent of that other person or authority.

Construction of enabling words
29.— (1) Where a written law confers powers on any person to do or enforce the doing of any act or thing, such powers are to be understood to be also conferred as are reasonably necessary to enable the person to do or enforce the doing of the act or thing.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1) —

(a ) a power to prohibit or to control or to regulate any matter includes power to provide for the same by the licensing thereof and power to prohibit acts whereby the prohibitions, control or regulations affecting the matter might be evaded;

(b ) a power to grant a licence, permit, authority, approval or exemption includes power to impose reasonable conditions subject to which the licence, permit, authority, approval or exemption may be granted.

Appointment of officers by name or office
30.— (1) Where by or under any Act, the President, a Minister or any public officer or body is empowered to appoint or name a person to have and exercise any powers or perform any duties, the President, Minister, public officer or body may either appoint a person by name or direct the person for the time being holding the office designated by the President, Minister, public officer or body to have and exercise those powers and perform those duties.

(2) Thereupon, or from the date specified by the President, Minister, public officer or body, the person appointed by name or the person holding the office as mentioned in subsection (1) has and may exercise those powers or perform those duties accordingly.

(3) Any such appointment may be made with retrospective effect to any date not being a date earlier than the commencement of the Act under which the appointment is made.

Official designation to include officer executing duties
31. When reference is made in any written law, instrument, warrant or process of any kind made or issued by the President, a Minister, any public officer or body or person having authority under any written law to make or to issue the same to any public officer by the term designating his or her office, such public officer includes the officer for the time being executing the duties of that office or any portion of those duties.

Appointments having retrospective effect
32. Any appointment may be declared to have effect as from the date upon which the appointee commenced to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of his or her appointment, not being a date earlier than the date of the commencement of the written law under which the appointment is made.

Power of majority, quorum, etc., of board, etc.
32A.—(1) Where a written law confers a power or function or imposes a duty upon a statutory body consisting of 3 or more persons, the power may be exercised, or the function or duty may be performed, by a majority of those persons.

(2) Where a statutory body consists of 3 or more persons —

(a ) a quorum is constituted at a meeting of the body by a number of members of the body equal to —

(i) if the written law establishing the body fixes the number of members of the body — at least half of that number of members; and

(ii) if the number of persons is not so fixed but is within a range having a maximum or minimum — at least half of the number of members in office; and

(b ) an act or thing done by a majority of the members of the body present at the meeting, if those members constitute a quorum, is to be regarded as having been done by the body.

(3) At a meeting of a statutory body, the chairperson or other member presiding has a casting as well as a deliberative vote in all matters in which a decision is taken by vote.

(4) This section is subject to any provision to the contrary in any written law.

(5) In this section, “statutory body” means a board, commission, committee or similar body, whether corporate or unincorporate, established under a written law.

Powers of board, etc., not affected by vacancy, etc.
33. Where by or under any Act, any board, commission, committee or similar body, whether corporate or unincorporate, is established, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the powers of such board, commission, committee or similar body are not affected by —

(a ) any vacancy in the membership thereof;

(b ) the fact that it is afterwards discovered that there was some defect in the appointment or qualification of a person purporting to be a member thereof; or

( c ) the fact that there was any minor irregularity in the convening of any meeting thereof.

Standard investment power of statutory bodies
33A. Where any written law confers on a statutory body the power to invest any moneys in accordance with the standard investment power of statutory bodies, then, subject to any general or special directions as the Minister charged with responsibility for that statutory body may issue, that statutory body may —

(a ) invest those moneys in the manner it thinks fit; and

(b ) engage in any financial activity or participate in any financial arrangement for the purpose of managing or hedging against any financial risk that arises or is likely to arise from such investment.

[45/2004]

Signification of orders, etc., of President
34.— (1) Where any power is conferred upon the President to make any subsidiary legislation or appointment, give any direction, issue any order, authorise any thing or matter to be done, grant any exemption, remit any fee or penalty or exercise any other power under any written law, it is sufficient if the exercise of such power by the President is signified under the hand of any Minister or the Secretary to the Cabinet.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the power of the President to make or issue any warrants or proclamations which may be made or issued only under the hand of the President himself or herself.

Signification of orders, etc., of Minister
35. Where any written law confers upon a Minister power to make any subsidiary legislation or appointment, give any direction, issue any order, authorise any thing or matter to be done, grant any exemption, remit any fee or penalty or exercise any other power, it is sufficient, unless in the written law it is otherwise provided, if the exercise of such power by the Minister is signified under the hand of the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry for which the Minister is responsible or of any public officer duly authorised in writing by the Minister.

Subsidiary legislation by statutory body, etc.
35A.—(1) Where a statutory body is permitted by any written law to delegate the performance of any of the statutory body’s functions or the exercise of any of the statutory body ’s powers, that power to delegate does not extend to the power to make any subsidiary legislation.

[5/2018]

(2) Where any Act confers upon a statutory body power to make subsidiary legislation, it is sufficient, unless in such Act it is otherwise provided, if the exercise of that power by the statutory body is signified under the hand of —

(a ) the chairperson of the statutory body; or

(b ) a member of the statutory body duly authorised by that body to do so in place of the chairperson.

[5/2018]

Delegation of powers of Minister
36.— (1) Where in any written law a Minister is empowered to exercise any power or perform any duty, the Minister may, in the absence of any provision of law to the contrary, with the approval of the President and by notification in the Gazette, depute any person by name or the person for the time being discharging the duties of an office designated by the Minister to exercise that power or perform that duty on behalf of the Minister subject to such conditions, exceptions and qualifications as the President may determine.

(2) Thereupon or from the date specified by the President, the person so deputed has and may exercise that power and perform that duty.

(3) Nothing in subsection (1) authorises a Minister to depute any person to make subsidiary legislation under the power in that behalf conferred upon the Minister by any Act.

(4) The Minister may exercise any power or perform any duty conferred upon him or her by an Act despite the delegation by the Minister of that power or duty.

Signing of documents
37. Where in any written law any document is required to be under the hand of or countersigned by a Minister in exercise of any powers conferred thereby, it is sufficient for the document to be under the hand of or signed or countersigned by the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry for which the Minister is responsible or by any public officer duly authorised in writing by the Minister.

=PART 5: PENAL PROVISIONS=

Attempt to commit an offence to be deemed an offence
38. A provision which constitutes an offence is, unless the contrary intention appears, deemed to provide also that an attempt to commit that offence shall be an offence against the provision, punishable as if the offence itself had been committed. Interpretation Act 19652020 Ed. 32 Informal Consolidation – version in force from 14/1/2022

Imposition of penalty not a bar to civil action
39. The imposition of a penalty by any written law, in the absence of express provision to the contrary, does not relieve any person from liability to answer for damages to a person injured.

Provisions as to offences under 2 or more laws
40. Where any act or omission constitutes an offence under 2 or more written laws, the offender shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be liable to be prosecuted and punished under any one of those written laws but shall not be liable to be punished twice for the same offence.

Penalties prescribed to be deemed maximum penalties
41. Whenever in any written law a penalty is provided for an offence, such provision implies that the offence shall be punishable upon conviction by a penalty not exceeding (except as may be otherwise expressly mentioned in the written law) the penalty provided.

=PART 5A: PROVISIONS RELATING TO COURT PROCEEDINGS=

Process for making applications to Court in civil proceedings
41A.—(1) Where any written law that provides for an application in any civil proceedings to be made to a Court —

(a ) does not prescribe the process by which the application is to be made; or

(b ) prescribes that the application is to be made by way of a petition, a motion, an originating motion or a summons in chambers, that written law is, in relation to any such application that is made thereunder on or after 1st January 2006, deemed to require that the application must be made —

( c ) by way of an originating summons, if it commences the proceedings; or

(d ) by way of a summons, if it is made in proceedings that are pending.

[42/2005]

(2) Where pursuant to subsection (1) an application is made to a Court under any written law by way of an originating summons or a summons —

(a ) the application must be made in accordance with the Rules of Court;

(b ) the Court may give to the parties to the application any directions that the Court thinks just and expedient for the purpose of facilitating the progress of the application as an application made by originating summons or summons, as the case may be; and

( c ) any provision in that written law that relates to the practice and procedure for making such an application and which is inconsistent with this section or with the Rules of Court has, to the extent of the inconsistency, no effect in relation to that application.

[42/2005]

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to —

(a ) petitions of appeal; or

(b ) such other class or classes of applications to or proceedings in the Court as may be prescribed under subsection (7).

[42/2005]

(4) Nothing in this section prevents any relief obtainable by way of an application to a Court under any written law from being included as one of the reliefs sought in a writ of summons by which an action is commenced before the Court.

[42/2005]

(5) To avoid doubt, any application that —

(a ) was made to a Court before 1 January 2006 under any written law to which subsection (1) applies; and

(b ) is pending before the Court on or after that date, continues, unless otherwise ordered by the Court, to proceed in accordance with the provisions of the relevant written law and the practice and procedure as were in force and applicable in relation to that application immediately before that date, until the application is finally disposed of by the Court.

[42/2005]

(6) In this section, “ Court ” means —

(a ) the Court of Appeal or a judge sitting in that Court;

(b ) the Appellate Division of the High Court or a judge sitting in that Division;

(ba ) the General Division of the High Court or a judge sitting in that Division;

( c ) a District Court;

(d ) a Magistrate ’s Court; and

( e ) such other court as may be prescribed.

[42/2005; 42/2014; 40/2019]

(7) The Minister charged with the responsibility for law may, by order in the Gazette, prescribe —

(a ) the class or classes of applications to or proceedings in the Court to which this section does not apply; and

(b ) any other court in relation to which this section applies.

[42/2005]

Renaming of prerogative orders or writs
41B. As from 1 January 2006, the prerogative orders or writs issuable by the High Court as listed in the first column below are to be referred to by the corresponding expressions as set out in the second column and, in all written laws, the expressions as set out in the second column are to be construed accordingly:

First column. Second column

(a ) mandamus Mandatory Order

(b ) certiorari Quashing Order

(c ) prohibition Prohibiting Order

(d ) writ of habeas corpus Order for Review of Detention.

[42/2005]

References to High Court before 2 January 2021
41C. In any written law enacted or made before 2 January 2021 —

(a ) a provision that confers any jurisdiction or power on the High Court is, on or after that date, to be read as conferring that jurisdiction or power on the General Division of the High Court;

(b ) a reference to an appeal or other process to or from the High Court is, on or after that date, to be read as a reference to an appeal to or from the General Division of the High Court; and

( c ) a power to make subsidiary legislation in relation to proceedings in the High Court is, on or after that date, to be read as a power to make subsidiary legislation in relation to proceedings in both the General Division of the High Court and Appellate Division of the High Court.

[40/2019]

=PART 6: MISCELLANEOUS=

Powers of President, Minister or other authority to appoint public officer to serve on board and to appoint chairperson
42.— (1) Where under the provisions of any Act power is given to the President, a Minister or any other authority to appoint any person to be a member of any board, commission, committee or similar body, it is lawful for the President, Minister or other authority, in the absence of any provision to the contrary, to appoint, by his or her official designation, any public officer.

(2) On such appointment and until the appointment is cancelled or otherwise determined, the person for the time being holding or carrying out the duties of the office in question is a member of that board, commission, committee or similar body.

(3) Where under the provisions of any Act power is given to the President, a Minister or any other authority to appoint any board, commission, committee or similar body, it is lawful for the President, Minister or other authority, in the absence of any provision to the contrary, to appoint a chairperson of that board, commission, committee or similar body.

Prima facie evidence of signature
43. Where the fiat, authorisation or sanction of the President, a Minister, the Attorney-General, a Deputy Attorney-General, the Solicitor-General, the Public Prosecutor, a Deputy Public Prosecutor or any public officer is necessary before any prosecution or action is commenced or for any purpose in connection with any proceeding, any document purporting to bear the fiat, authorisation or sanction of the President, Minister, Attorney-General, Deputy Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, Public Prosecutor, Deputy Public Prosecutor or public officer (as the case may be) is to be received as prima facie evidence in any proceeding without proof being given that the signature to such fiat, authorisation or sanction is that of the President, Minister, Attorney-General, Deputy Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, Public Prosecutor, Deputy Public Prosecutor or public officer, as the case may be.

[41/2014]

Public officers
44. A reference in any written law to any public officer by the usual or common title of his or her office is, if there is such an office customarily in Singapore and unless the contrary intention appears, to be read and construed as referring to the person for the time being holding or carrying out the duties of that office in Singapore.

Act for which payment is required need not be performed until payment is made
45.— (1) Where any person, public officer, public department or statutory authority is required to do anything for which a fee is to be paid or a charge made under any written law, the person, public officer, public department or statutory authority may decline to do that thing —

(a ) until the fee is paid or payment is made; and

(b ) where the precise amount of the payment to be made cannot be ascertained until the thing is done, until there is paid an amount that may be estimated to be the correct amount by the person, public officer, public department or statutory authority required to do that thing.

(2) Where a thing has been done for which an estimated amount has been paid, the amount must be adjusted to the correct amount either by means of a further payment or by a refund of the amount overpaid.

Fees or charges may be prescribed and may be reduced, varied, remitted or refunded
46.— (1) Where any act requires to be done or a service performed by a public body, statutory authority or public officer under or in connection with any written law, and no special provision is made thereby or thereunder for making a charge in respect of the act or service, the Minister may, by order in the Gazette, provide for the imposition of any fees or charges that the Minister considers proper. (2) Any fee or charge under any written law made payable to the Government or to any public body, statutory authority or public officer, not being a fee or charge which is regulated by Rules of Court, may by order of the Minister be reduced, remitted or refunded, in whole or in part in the circumstances of any particular case.

Proceedings not to abate on death, etc., of official
47. Any civil or criminal proceedings taken by or against any person by virtue of his or her office are not discontinued or abated by his or her death, resignation, absence or removal from office, but may be carried on by or against (as the case may be) the person appointed to perform the duties of the office.

Gazette to be evidence of matters therein
48. All printed copies of the Gazette, purporting to be published by authority and to be printed by the Government Printer, are to be —

(a ) admitted in evidence by all courts and in all legal proceedings without any proof being given that those copies were so published and printed; and

(b ) taken and accepted as prima facie evidence of subsidiary legislation, appointments, notifications and other publications therein printed and of the matters and things contained in such subsidiary legislation, appointments, notifications and publications, respectively.

Service of documents
48A.—(1) Where a written law authorises or requires a document to be served on a person, whether the expression “ serve ”, “ give ” or “ send” or any other expression is used, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the document may be served —

(a ) in the case of an individual —

(i) by delivering it to the individual personally; or

(ii) by leaving it at, or by sending it by prepaid post to, the usual or last known address of the place of residence or business of the individual;

(b ) in the case of a partnership —

(i) by delivering it to the secretary or other like officer of the partnership; or

(ii) by leaving it at, or by sending it by prepaid post to, the principal or last known place of business of the partnership in Singapore;

( c ) in the case of a body corporate —

(i) by delivering it to the secretary or other like officer of the body corporate; or

(ii) by leaving it at, or by sending it by prepaid post to, the registered office or a principal office of the body corporate in Singapore.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) —

(a ) affects the operation of any written law that authorises the service of a document otherwise than as provided in that subsection; or

(b ) affects the power of a court to authorise service of a document otherwise than as provided in that subsection.

Measurement of distance
49. In the measurement of any distance for the purposes of any written law, that distance must, unless the contrary intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane.

Computation of time
50. In computing time for the purposes of any written law, unless the contrary intention appears —

(a ) a period of days from the happening of an event or the doing of any act or thing is deemed to be exclusive of the day on which the event happens or the act or thing is done;

(b ) if the last day of the period is a Sunday or a public holiday (which days are called in this section excluded days) the period includes the next following day not being an excluded day;

( c ) when any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken on a certain day, then, if that day happens to be an excluded day, the act or proceeding is considered as done or taken in due time if it is done or taken on the next day afterwards, not being an excluded day;

(d ) when any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken within any time not exceeding 6 days, excluded days must not be reckoned in the computation of the time.

Standard time
51.— (1) Where any expression of time occurs in any written law or in any instrument and whenever the doing or not doing anything at a certain time of the day or night or during a certain part of the day or night has an effect in law, that time is, unless it is otherwise specifically stated, held to be standard time as declared by this section.

(2) “Standard time ” means standard time as used in Singapore, namely, 8 hours, or such other period as may from time to time be determined by the President by notification in the Gazette, in advance of Coordinated Universal Time.

Provision when no time prescribed
52. Where no time is prescribed or allowed within which anything is to be done, that thing is to be done with all convenient speed and as often as the prescribed occasion arises.

Construction of power of extending time
53. Where in any written law a time is prescribed for doing any act or taking any proceeding and power is given to a court or other authority to extend the time, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised by the court or other authority although the application for the extension is not made until after the expiration of the time prescribed.

Saving of rights of Government
54. No Act affects in any manner the rights of the Government unless it is therein expressly provided, or unless it appears by necessary implication, that the Government is bound thereby.

Act to bind Government
55. This Act binds the Government.

=See also=
 * Section 9A (1) of the Interpretation Act

=References=
 * Interpretation Act, Singapore Statutes Online:.