Adult, consensual homosexual sex is legal in Hong Kong and public opinion shows increased awareness about and tolerance for LGBT people. However, there are no legal anti-discrimination system and no legal recognition of same-sex couples.
Criminal law[edit | edit source]
The criminal laws against male homosexuality were initially a product of British colonialism, with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. During the 1970s – 1980s, there was a public debate about whether or not to reform the law in line with human rights principles. As a result, in 1991 the Legislative Council agreed to decriminalize private, adult, non-commercial and consensual homosexual relations.
However, an unequal age of consent was established, 21 for gay men and 16 for heterosexuals, with the law remaining silent about lesbianism. LGBT rights groups lobbied the legislative council to equalize the age of consent law, but were told that the legal inequality was necessary to protect youth and preserve tradition.[1] A lawsuit was initiated to challenge the unequal age of consent in court.
In 2005, Justice Hartmann found that the unequal age of consent was unconstitutional under the Bill of Rights Ordinance, violating the right to equality.[2][3] The ruling was upheld by the Hong Kong Court of Appeal;[4] thus, since 2006, there is an equal age of consent of 16, for both heterosexual and homosexual sex.
Discrimination protections[edit | edit source]
Template:See also The Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance 1991 prohibits discrimination on a variety of grounds, including "other status". In the case of Leung TC William Roy v. Secretary for Justice (2005), this has been interpreted to include sexual orientation. However, the Bill of Rights only applies to government sponsored discrimination and not the private sector.[1] Since the 1990s LGBT rights groups have lobbied the Legislative Council to enact civil rights laws that include sexual orientation without success.
In 1993, former legislator Anna Wu proposed an Equal Opportunities Bill through a private member's bill to outlaw discrimination on a variety of grounds, including sex, disability, age, race, and sexuality. Her effort didn't yield any result until 1995 when equal opportunities law was enacted. However, sexuality was not included in the passage of the bill.[5][6][7]
Currently, there is no law against discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation in Hong Kong.
Political opposition tends to come from social conservatives, often with evangelical Christian ties, who view homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of immorality.[1] For example, after the court ruled against the unequal age of consent, Hong Kong leader Donald Tsang, a devote Catholic, publicly opposed the court's decision and fought for an appeal until 2006.[1] Otherwise most political parties and individual politicians tend to avoid making public statements in favor of LGBT rights, although this has slowly begun to change.
In 2010, Legislator Cyd Ho Sau-lan, and former legislators Dr Fernando Cheung, Reverend Fung Chi Wood and Dr Lo Wing-lok participated in public demonstration against homophobia.
Of note, civil servants are expected to provide service to members of the public impartially, irrespective of their clients' sexualities. Failure to perform any duty/duties that are required by the laws in Hong Kong can be construe as an act of misconduct in public office. Any person convicted of the aforementioned crime could face a maximum jail term of seven years. Currently, The Independent Commission Against Corruption is the only government agency which have the powers conferred by the Independent Commission Against Corruption Ordinance to investigate and/or charge anyone for their alleged misconduct behavior in public office.[8]
Although there are no specific laws targeting hate crimes directed against the LGBT community, The Hong Kong Police force can still charge anyone found intimidating any person irrespective of the victim's sexuality, under section 24 of the Crimes Ordinance.[9]
Gender identity/expression[edit | edit source]
Template:See also Cross-dressing per se is not illegal. Hong Kong law allows change in legal documents such as the identity card, and passport, but does not allow the birth certificate to be changed, after a person has undergone sex reassignment surgery.[10]
The Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong ruled that a transsexual woman has the right to marry her boyfriend. The ruling was made on the 13th of May, 2013.[11][12]
Recognition of same-sex relationships[edit | edit source]
Same-sex marriage or civil unions are not currently recognised in Hong Kong.
Nonetheless, in June 2009, the Hong Kong Government extended limited recognition and protection to cohabitating same-sex couples in its Domestic Violence Ordinance.[13]
Civil Partnership and British Nationals (Overseas)[edit | edit source]
Neither same sex marriage nor civil partnership registered inside or outside Hong Kong is recognised by the Law of Hong Kong. However, many Hong Kong residents are also a British National (Overseas). By virtue of the passage of Civil Partnership (Registration Abroad and Certificates) Order 2005 in the UK, all British nationals, including British Nationals (Overseas), are allowed to register civil partnerships with a limited number of British consulates or embassies abroad. Thus, LGBT Hong Kong couples, with either one of the couple having a British national status, enjoy the right to register civil partnerships with British consulates in 22 countries.[14]
Arranging a civil partnership registration with a British consulate will generally take at least a month and must be done in person in the country where the consulate is located. Those whose British Nationals (Overseas) passports have expired or who no longer hold a valid passport need to apply for a renewal before arranging a civil partnership registration with a British consulate.
The British Consulate-General in Hong Kong refrains itself from providing such service to British nationals because of the disagreement from the Hong Kong government. Thus, British nationals are able to apply for a same-sex civil partnership ceremony with British consulates or embassies in the following 22 countries.[15]
LGBT rights movement in Hong Kong[edit | edit source]
Template:See also In the early 1990s, the first two LGBT rights groups, HORIZONS and the Ten Percent Club, were established. Today, several organizations, most notably Rainbow Action and Tongzhi Culture Society exist to campaign for LGBT rights and to organize various public educational and social events.
The Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau established in 2005, The Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Unit, to enhance the equal opportunities for people of different sexual orientation and transgendered persons.[16]
Currently, as of August 2012, The Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau have been sponsoring a series of Public Service Announcement broadcast through radio station about the need of equal treatment when employing anyone who is homosexual.[17]
Living conditions[edit | edit source]
Along with several gay nightclubs, LGBT pride festivals occur yearly as well as other social events including film festivals. On each International Day Against Homophobia, a procession is held like many other European cities. The first IDAHO procession was held in 2005. Political involvement has also become more common when comparing to the colonial era. Prominent Legislators and Councillors attend IDAHO procession and gay pride nowadays to show solidarity with the LGBT community.[18]
As the government cannot discriminate against LGBT person as stipulated in the Bills of rights, gay people can have access to a wide range of services provided by the Hong Kong government like any other citizens. For example, when applying for non-contribution base Job Seeker's Allowance (Comprehensive Social Security Allowance), one must satisfy the means test component. Whether ones satisfy the mean test component, the Social Welfare Department takes into account the income of family members living together irrespective of their sexual orientation.[19] Violent crime are rare in Hong Kong and crimes directed against the LGBT community are virtually unheard of List of countries by intentional homicide rate. Citizens of Hong Kong, no matter gay or straight, generally enjoys a living condition on par or above that of their European counterpart. This is evident through the Very High Human Development Index, ranking 13 in the world(2011), which is above that of Iceland, Denmark and the United Kingdom Human Development Index.
Representations in the media[edit | edit source]
Since the 1990s, several Hong Kong films have had LGBT characters or themes in them. Television programming tended to avoid LGBT characters or themes, until recently.
In 2006, RTHK broadcasted a television film called Gay Lovers, which received criticism from social conservatives for, "encouraging" people to become gay. In 2007, the Broadcasting Authority ruled that the RTHK-produced programme "Gay Lovers" was "unfair, partial and biased towards homosexuality, and having the effect of promoting the acceptance of homosexual marriage." On 5 May 2008 Justice Michael Hartmann overturned the ruling of the Broadcasting Authority that "Gay Lovers" discussion on same sex marriage was deemed to have breached broadcasting guidelines for not including anti-gay views.[20]
As the society is becoming more open and accepting to the LGBT community, there are more artist coming out than the last 20 years.
A famous folk singer, Chet Lam (林一峰), came out to the public through an interview with advocate(UK).[21]
Recently, well known artist, Anthony Wong (黃耀明), came out as gay during one of his concert series, with fans giving him a very positive response.[22]
In September, 2012, newly elected lawmaker Chan Chi-chuen (陳志全), a former radio and TV host, revealed to Oriental Daily that he is gay, making him the first openly out legislator in Greater China.[23] Local media coverage of his coming out as gay was largely positive.
On Nov 10, 2012, Denise Ho (何韻詩) announced her sexual orientation on stage at the "Dare to Love" event during the Hong Kong Pride Parade 2012. She called herself "tongzhi," a Chinese slang word for gay. She is the first mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out.[24]
Public opinion[edit | edit source]
Template:See also Hong Kong is among the more accepting regions in Asia for LGBT people. A 2007 Gallup poll found that 56% of Hongkongers believed that the city was a "good place" for homosexuals, while 35% believed that it was "not a good place".[25]
Professional opinion[edit | edit source]
The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists[edit | edit source]
On 15 November 2011, the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists, as a licensing body of professional psychiatrists in Hong Kong, published an announcement stating that homosexuality is not an illness and there is no scientifically proven evidence to support the attempts to change one's sexual orientation.[26] Until February 2012, the announcement has not been uploaded onto the College's website or published in any professional journals; it is, however, available in electronic pdf format upon request. The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists is the very first professional authority in Asia that ever explicitly and publicly opines their professional standing on issues regarding homosexuality and treatments altering one's sexual orientation.[27]
The Hong Kong Psychological Society[edit | edit source]
In light of the absence of practice guidelines for lesbians, gays, and bisexual individuals for psychologists in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Psychological Society, as both a learned society and a professional association, formed a work group in July 2011 to tackle the problem.[28] On 1 August 2012, the Society published a position paper titled, Position Paper for Psychologists Working with Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexual (LGB) Individuals. There are 11 major guidelines in this position paper:[29]
| Psychologists understand that homosexuality and bisexuality are not mental illnesses. |
| Psychologists understand that homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual attractions, feelings, and behavior constitute normal variants of human sexuality. |
| Psychologists understand that efforts to change sexual orientation are not proven to be effective or harmless. |
| When using and disseminating information on sexual orientation, psychologists fully and accurately represent research findings that are based on rigorous scientific research design and are careful to avoid any possible misuse or misrepresentation of these findings. |
| Psychologists understand the societal stigma imposed on LGB individuals and the effects on their lives. |
| Psychologists always act to ensure the public is accurately informed about sexual orientation and LGB-related issues. |
| Psychologists are aware of their own attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about sexual orientation and LGB individuals’ lives and experiences. They do not impose personal beliefs or standards about sexual orientation when they are offering professional services. |
| Psychologists understand the distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity and expression. Stereotypical gender conformity or non-conformity is not necessarily indicative of one’s sexual orientation. |
| Psychologists understand the heterogeneity among LGB individuals (e.g., sex, gender, age, socioeconomic status, physical and mental abilities, race, marital status, parental status, and religious beliefs). |
| Psychologists are respectful of LGB individuals’ choice to disclose or not to disclose their sexual orientation. |
| Psychologists advocate for an inclusive society and the promotion of equal opportunity. this includes advocating for the elimination of homophobia, biphobia, discrimination, bullying, harassment, or any form of stigmatization towards LGB individuals. |
Civil Service vacancies[edit | edit source]
The Government, at all level, is not allowed to have any unjustified differential treatments on ground of sexual orientation as the direct results of a series of high profile court cases. Particularly, in Secretary for Justice v. Yau Yuk Lung Zigo, the Court of Final Appeal ruled that one's sexual orientation is a protected status against discrimination under the provisions of Articles 25 and 39 of the Basic Law and Articles 1 and 22 of the Bill of Rights Ordinance. Because of such interpretation from the judiciary, the Government has the responsibility to actively ensure all its policies, decisions, and actions are free of sexual orientation discrimination. It should be aware, however, that the Basic Law and the Bill of Rights Ordinance only have effects on the Government, its agencies, and its representatives but not private companies. As such, general notes of civil service vacancies advertisements include the assertion of equal opportunities employer: "As an Equal Opportunities Employer, the Government is committed to eliminating discrimination in employment. The vacancy advertised is open to all applicants meeting the basic entry requirement irrespective of their disability, sex, marital status, pregnancy, age, family status, sexual orientation and race." In addition, current government employees who feel discriminated or suffer from unfair treatments because of their sexual orientation should seek advice from their lawyers and may file civil actions against the Government in court.
Business sector[edit | edit source]
Since homosexuality is still a sensitive taboo issue in Hong Kong, discrimination based on sexual orientation in the corporate sector is pervasive. LGBT employees are often victims of various levels of discrimination or harassment. Most companies do not include sexual orientation in their diversity and inclusion policies. And, with no legislation protecting LGBT employees, the situation is far from being resolved satisfactorily. This is also true for multinational corporations. Although a lot of US- or Europe-based companies in Hong Kong may have non-discrimination policies protecting their LGBT employees in their home countries, most of them do not adopt such practices in Hong Kong. Such a phenomenon makes many local employees and even expatriates vulnerable targets for discrimination.[1]
For years, advocate groups have worked to promote and advance the extension of non-discrimination policies in the corporate sector for LGBT minorities. Only a limited number of multinational companies have explicitly embraced such policies, namely Goldman Sachs and IBM.[2] Only a handful of local and China-based companies have extended non-discrimination protection to LGBT employees, including blue-chip stock companies.
The following table shows sexual orientation non-discrimination practices of these Hong Kong companies as of 3 March 2012.
| Stock Code | Hong Kong Hang Seng Index Constituents (Blue Chip Stocks) | Publicly Accessible Statements or Policies For Hong Kong Workplace | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equal Opportunity Employer | A List of Anti-discrimination Except for Sexual Orientation | A List of Anti-discrimination Including Sexual Orientation | ||||
| 0001 | Cheung Kong (Holdings) Ltd | Yes Website[30] | No | No | ||
| 0002 | CLP Holdings Ltd | Yes Website[31] | Yes Website[31] | No | ||
| 0003 | Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 0004 | Wharf (Holdings) Ltd | Yes Website[32] | Yes Website[32] | No | ||
| 0005 | HSBC Holdings plc | Yes Website[33] | Yes Website[34] | No | ||
| 0006 | Hong Kong Electric Holdings Ltd | Yes Website[35] | Yes Website[35] | Yes Website[35] | As of 3 March 2012, the Chinese version of the statement uses the phrase “sexual preference”. This may potentially indicate the company’s view on whether or not one’s sexuality is a choice.[36] | |
| 0011 | Hang Seng Bank Ltd | Yes Website[37] | Yes Website[37] | No | ||
| 0012 | Henderson Land Development Co. Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0013 | Hutchison Whampoa Ltd | Yes Publication[38] | Yes Publication[38] | No | ||
| 0016 | Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd | Yes Publication[39] | Yes Publication[39] | No | ||
| 0017 | New World Development Co. Ltd. | No | No | No | ||
| 0019 | Swire Pacific Ltd | Yes Code of Conduct[40] | Yes Code of Conduct[41] | Yes Code of Conduct[41] | ||
| 0023 | Bank of East Asia, Ltd | Yes Publication[42] | Yes Publication[42] | No | ||
| 0066 | MTR Corporation Ltd | Yes Code of Conduct[43] | Yes Code of Conduct[43] | No | ||
| 0083 | Sino Land Co Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0101 | Hang Lung Properties Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0144 | China Merchants Holdings (International) Co Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0151 | Want Want China Holdings Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0267 | CITIC Pacific Ltd | Yes Publication[44] | No | No | ||
| 0291 | China Resources Enterprise, Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0293 | Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd | Yes Publication[45] | Yes Publication[45] | Yes Publication[45] | The company also has its own Vendors' Code of Conduct and forbids sexual orientation discrimination in its vendors' work environment; otherwise, the company may choose a different vendor.[46] | |
| 0322 | Tingyi (Cayman Islands) Holding Corp | No | No | No | ||
| 0330 | Esprit Holdings Ltd | Yes Publication[47] | Yes Publication[47] | Yes Publication[47] | The Chinese version of the statement uses the phrase “sexual preference”. This may potentially indicate the company’s view on whether or not one’s sexuality is a choice.[48] | |
| 0386 | Sinopec Corp | Yes Website[49] | Yes Website[49] | Yes Publication[50] | The list of anti-discrimination on the website does not include sexual orientation, but it is included in the Sustainability Report. This may potentially indicate inconsistency in enforcing relevant policies or poor communication within the company. | |
| 0388 | HKEx Limited | Yes HR Manual[51] | Yes HR Manual[51] | Yes HR Manual[51] | ||
| 0494 | Li & Fung Ltd | Yes Publication[52] | YesPublication[53] | Yes Publication[53] | The company also has its own Vendors' Code of Conduct and forbids sexual orientation discrimination in its vendor' work environment; otherwise, the company may choose a different vendor.[54] | |
| 0688 | China Overseas Land & Investment Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 0700 | Tencent Holdings Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 0762 | China Unicom Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 0836 | China Resources Power | No | No | No | ||
| 0857 | PetroChina Company Limited | Yes Website[55] | Yes Website[55] | No | ||
| 0883 | CNOOC Ltd | Yes Publication[56] | Yes Publication[56] | Yes Publication[56] | ||
| 0939 | China Construction Bank | No | No | No | ||
| 0941 | China Mobile Ltd | Yes Publication[57] | Yes Publication[57] | No | ||
| 1044 | Hengan International Group Co. Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 1088 | China Shenhua Energy Company Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 1109 | China Resources Land Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 1199 | COSCO Pacific Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 1299 | American International Assurance | No | No | No | ||
| 1398 | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | No | No | No | ||
| 1880 | Belle International | No | No | No | ||
| 1898 | China Coal Energy | No | No | No | ||
| 2318 | Ping An Insurance | No | No | No | ||
| 2388 | BOC Hong Kong (Holdings) Ltd | Yes Publication[58] | Yes Publication[58] | No | ||
| 2600 | Aluminum Corporation of China Limited | No | No | No | ||
| 2628 | China Life | No | No | No | ||
| 3328 | Bank of Communications Ltd | No | No | No | ||
| 3988 | Bank of China Ltd | Yes Publication[58] | Yes Publication[58] | No | ||
Summary table[edit | edit source]
| Homosexuality legal | Yes (since 1991) |
| Equal age of consent | Yes (since 2006) |
| Domestic violence protecting covering same-sex cohabiting couples | Yes (since 2009) |
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment | Protection conferred by the Bills of Rights Ordinance, but only applicable to employment related to governmental agencies or NGO |
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | Protection conferred by the Bills of Rights Ordinance, but only applicable to services provided by the government |
| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) | No specific laws targeting hate crimes directed against the LGBT community, but the Hong Kong Police force can still charge anyone found intimidating any person irrespective of the victim's sexuality, under section 24 of the Crimes Ordinance |
| Same-sex marriage(s) | No |
| Recognition of same-sex couples | No |
| Both joint and step adoption by same-sex couples or single gay person | Single person irrespective of sexual orientation are eligible to initiate the Pre-adoption process with the Social Welfare Department |
| Gays allowed to serve in the military | not applicable, see Military of Hong Kong |
| Right to change legal gender | Yes Change of legal gender allowed and can be done through government sponsored hospital. After transition, one can acquire a new Id card and passport portending the new gender [3] |
| Access to IVF for lesbians | Yes Service provided by Hospital not funded by the Hong Kong Treasury |
| MSMs allowed to donate blood | Yes After a 12 month deferral [4] |
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/china/china.htm
- ↑ Phil CW Chan, "Stonewalling through Schizophrenia: An Anti-Gay Rights Culture in Hong Kong?", Sexuality & Culture, 2008
- ↑ 'Hong Kong gays fight sodomy laws, triggering debate in traditional society', The Advocate, 31 December 2005
- ↑ Secretary for Justice v. Leung TC William Roy (CACV317A/2005)
- ↑ Legislative Archive, entre for Comparative and Public Law, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/research_projects_issues/hkelp/Legislativearchive.html
- ↑ Hong Kong: Legislative Council Considers Anti-Discrimination Bill, IGLHRC http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/globalactionalerts/71.html
- ↑ History, TCJM http://tcjm.org/hongkong/history/
- ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-04909.pdf
- ↑ http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/ord/200/s24.html
- ↑ Ms W vs. the Hong Kong Registrar of Marriages, Fridae.com
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Pink News, "[5] Gay couples to be protected by Hong Kong domestic violence law
- ↑ Civil Partnership (Registration Abroad and Certificates) Order 2005 in the UK
- ↑ How to register a civil partnership
- ↑ http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/equal_gender.htm
- ↑ http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/equal.htm
- ↑ [6]
- ↑ http://www.swd.gov.hk/doc/social-sec/CSSAP0612_eng_v1.pdf
- ↑ http://www.fridae.com/newsfeatures/article.php?articleid=2223&viewarticle=1&searchtype=all
- ↑ http://ent.163.com/08/0201/12/43K7NK4O00032DGD.html
- ↑ http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/04/25/pop-star%E2%80%99s-stadium-style-coming-out
- ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/hong-kong-sees-its-first-out-gay-politician110912
- ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/pop-star-denise-ho-comes-out-hong-kong-pride101112
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ work group on the position paper for psychologists working with LGB individuals
- ↑ Position Paper for Psychologists Working with Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexual (LGB) Individuals
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Template:Cite web